Sniff this: nasal spray helps phobias vanish

[Richard]

From The Sunday Times
Jonathan Leake, Science Editor

SCIENTISTS are offering hope to millions of people afflicted by chronic phobias after finding that simple nasal sprays may help overcome irrational fears.

The sprays have been shown to ease people’s fear of heights, spiders and even chronic shyness, one of the most crippling phobias.

The discovery could turn out to be a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic fearfulness, which afflicts hundreds of thousands of people in Britain.

Well-known phobias include conditions such as agoraphobia, (fear of open spaces), claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces) and fear of flying.

“These conditions can be crippling,” said Dr Adam Guastella, a psychology researcher at the University of New South Wales, Australia, who led the research. “Our research shows that the treatments for phobias can be greatly enhanced using compounds that make the brain more receptive.”

Guastella’s research has focused on two chemicals – oxytocin, a naturally occurring hormone long known to play a role in human emotions, and D-cycloserine (DCS), an antibiotic used against tuberculosis that has been found to have subtle effects on the brain. Both can be delivered by nasal spray.

Exposure therapy, in which phobics are confronted with the things that terrify them, is a standard treatment but its benefits often fall away over time.

In his latest research, Guastella used DCS combined with exposure therapy to treat 23 patients suffering from chronic shyness. He asked the patients to make a speech – normally a terrifying task for people with such a condition. A second group of 23, who were also asked to make speeches, were given a placebo.

Guastella said: “These people were so shy they could not enter a crowded room or speak in public. However, those who received DCS showed a great reduction in fear and also reported lasting improvement in work and social relationships.”

Guastella has also used oxytocin to treat people with social phobias and DCS to treat arachnophobes – people with a fear of spiders.

He is now researching a new use for oxytocin: helping couples to repair relationships that have deteriorated.

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk...702916.ece

[Polly]

Gee, I am almost tempted to try this.  :-)

[Richard]

Why, what kind of phobias do you have?

[Polly]

I guess I would call the main one a social phobia, Richard.  It has to do with being around people other than my boyfriend or my family when I see them which isn't often.  I am not talking about the short, surface interchanges one often has with various people out in public, I can be very friendly in that way, but having to spend time with other people in social settings.  It's pretty severe.  I am best at interacting with one person at a time but even that can upset and overwhelm me.  It depends upon the other person's energy and how I feel at the time.

[Richard]

I know that phobia well because I have a touch of it myself. :)

[Polly]

Micro-managing chemicals in the body to change quality of experience seems so incredible.  Here in this article, a person experiencing crippling shyness, with all of the attendant thoughts, feelings, memories and sensory stimulations only has to spray some chemicals in the nose and the whole spectrum of experience changes.

Experience is chemical.  Even spiritual experience is chemical. 

[Polly]

Then you know, Richard.  :-)

[Sily]

If you love spending time alone and find your energy drained and discombubulated by too much contact with "others"... then I am urging you to read Party of One by Anneli Rufus.  It is a spirited defense of people in the world (like me) that LOVE to be separate from the maddening crowd.  That need time alone to re-charge my batteries.  I am a dyed in the wool introvert from the get-go and a shy person from day one.

From the introduction:

Apart.

Such a simple concept. So concrete. So easy to represent on charts or diagrams with dots and pushpins either in or out. Yet real life is not dots. Some of us appear to be in, but we are out. And that is where we want to be. Not just want but need, the way tuna need the sea....

We do not require company. The opposite: in varying degrees, it bores us, drains us, makes our eyes glaze over. Overcomes us like a steamroller. Of course the rest of the world doesn't understand.

Someone says to you, "Let's have lunch." You clench. Your sinews leap within you, angling for escape. What others thrive on, what they take for granted, the contact and confraternity and sharing that gives them strength leaves us empty. After what others would call a fun day out together, we feel as if we have been at the Red Cross, donating blood....

This way to be, this way we are, gets us into trouble. We are a minority, the community that is an anticommunity. The culture that will not on principle join hands. Remote on principle from one another — this is in our charter and we would not have it any other way — each of us swims alone through a sea of social types. Talkers. Lunchers. Touchers.

Nonloners. The world at large. The mob.

The mob thinks we are maladjusted. Of course we are adjusted just fine, not to their frequency. They take it personally.

They take offense. Feel hurt. Get angry. They do not blame owls for coming out at night, yet they blame us for being as we are. Because it involves them, or at least they believe it does, they assemble the troops and call us names....

The l-word as we hear it most often today sounds nasty. It is the sound of a nervous music, a whine of
mistrust, the hiss of fear, the dull growl of incomprehension. Animals make that sound when foreign species invade their dens, or when they find a rogue within the herd. Loners live among the mob, so the mob mistakes us for its own, presuming and assuming. When the mob gets too close, the truth is revealed. Running or walking away, chased or free, any which way, we tell the mob in effect I don't need you.

Hell hath no fury like a majority scorned.

Yet here we are, not sad, not lonely, having the time of our lives amid their smear campaign.
We are the ones who know how to entertain ourselves. How to learn without taking a class. How to contemplate and how to create. Loners, by virtue of being loners, of celebrating the state of standing alone, have an innate advantage when it comes to being brave — like pioneers, like mountain men, iconoclasts, rebels and sole survivors. Loners have an advantage when faced with the unknown, the never-done-before and the unprecedented. An advantage when it comes to being mindful like the Buddhists, spontaneous like the Taoists, crucibles of concentrated prayer like the desert saints, esoteric like the Kabbalists. Loners, by virtue of being loners, have at their fingertips the undiscovered, the unique, the rarefied. Innate advantages when it comes to imagination, concentration, inner discipline. A knack for invention, originality, for finding resources in what others would call vacuums. A knack for visions.

A talent for seldom being bored. Desert islands are fine but not required.

From the chapter on friendship:

Of course loners have friends. Fewer than most nonloners have, maybe. But loners, with our extra capacity for concentration, focus, our fewer distractions, make excellent friends. To a few. One, maybe, but a real one.

But why do nonloners care? Why don't they cheer because the fewer friends we have, the more potential friends for them? They care because they need a universal currency by which to judge us. And friendship is something they all understand. A nonloner need not be smart, skilled or in any way distinguished to have friends. Sometimes it seems the least distinguished acquire friends the easiest, giggling and jostling strings of chums. Instant collectives. All their lives, nonloners have dealt in this currency. They know its feel, its soft smoothness when old, its shine when new. Regarding friendship and its value, every nonloner is an assessor, an assayer, a professor.

And based on what they see, they say we lack friends. Thus we lack value. And by this standard alone, the friend standard, our characters are assassinated universally.

It is all a mistake.

For some loners, a paucity of friends is a matter of time. There is simply too much to do alone, no time to spare. Shared time, while not entirely wasted if the sharer is a true friend, must be parceled out with care, like rationed sugar. And time shared, even with true friends, often requires loners to put in extra time alone, overtime, to recharge. It is a matter of energy: loners as a rule have less for the social machinery, the talk and sympathy. Our fuel runs out. This is what nonloners don't understand about us, what they cannot see. We do not choose to have such tiny fuel tanks. These can be quite inconvenient. They are why we seem rude, when we do, why we seem bored and often are. Spaced-out and often are. Running on empty.
Not heartless. Not unappreciative. Not fools. We know the rest of the world has big tanks. We know they don't know.

I am hypoglycemic. I like sugar very much. Chocolate halvah, coconut cream pie. I know how little of it I can stand before the onset of sick, cottonheaded shock. But blood glucose can be measured in medical laboratories. Tolerance for company cannot. (Yet.)

No one wants to make himself sick. And if our vector is an overdose of chat regarding diaper brands or whom the Redskins might get as their third-round draft pick, we retract.
By contrast, the average nonloner seems able to stand hours and hours with almost anyone. Sometimes it seems they would rather have anyone around than no one. The absence of friends, at least companions, is by their lights an abomination. The result, from a loner's standpoint, is that many nonloner friendships are matters of default. Of convenience. Such high tolerance for company, we might argue, makes for much lower standards.

From the chapter on technology:

What does work mean for loners? For some, the smart and lucky ones who work alone, it means accomplishing things without being made to suffer. Simple as it should be, no loner can take this point for granted. Along with whatever other hardships work brings — difficulty, danger, dullness, unfair pay — loners who labor any way besides alone endure one more. It is a hardship nonloners don't even know exists, cannot conceive of.

How much time spent with others is too much? Side by side, within their sight, in earshot — forty minutes? Two hours, tops. Yet a standard workshift lasts eight. Putting loners in busy workplaces all day is like making albinos pick cotton without sunscreen....

Formulas for creating a successful 20th-century workplace have no room for the loner. Exemplifying this, an article in Business Solutions magazine is subtitled "Loners Beware." In the article, a CEO explains her company's hiring policy: "We look for employees who have been involved in group activities (be it church events or intramural sports teams) in their personal lives." The office's ambiance, the CEO adds happily, "would drive a loner crazy. We encourage teamwork and brainstorming." To further ensure an extraverted staff, "we hire mostly on personal references ... our star performers were hired because they're friends of friends"....

The Internet is, for loners, an absolute and total miracle. It is, for us, the best invention of the last millennium. It educates. It entertains. It transforms. It facilitates a kind of dialogue in which we need not be seen, so it suits us perfectly. It validates. It makes being alone seem normal. It makes being alone fun for everyone.

And so it has its critics. They claim it keeps kids from playing healthy games outdoors. They say it is a procurer for perverts, a weapon in hate crimes. Underlying all this, of course, is the real reason for their dismay: the Internet legitimizes solitude. The real problem is not that kids don't play outdoors but that they do not play, the critics fear, with other kids.

Terror is afoot of a sci-fi world in which machines have rendered social contact undesirable and, desired or not, obsolete. In 2000, the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society released the results of a newly completed research project. It revealed that one-fourth of those interviewed for the project who used the Internet more than five hours a week (and thus were, by SIQSS' definition, "regular users") reported that they spent less time socializing outside the house or being with family or friends than they had done before discovering the Net. This percentage led the researchers to conclude that the Internet is an isolating technology that separates users from the "real world." Subsequently, a study conducted at UCLA found that a majority of its participants did not spend less time with others.

The Stanford study made Internet users look bad, backing up that assessment by saying See? They spend more time ALONE. Its UCLA counterpart made loners look bad, too, by saying Hooray! Internet users still spend time with others.... Either we should all panic because Internet use is creating a world of hermits, the commentators seemed to say in the first case, or, in the second, that we should all celebrate because Internet use is not creating a world of hermits....

What are loners to make of the presumption ... that a less sociable world is automatically a worse one? That free time spent socializing with others is automatically superior to time spent in other ways? ...What if a certain girl spends her time online studying the life cycle of luna moths while the girl next door spends her social time sharing a crack pipe with the boarder? ... Is socializing all that great? Riots are socializing.

From the chapter on religion:

Buddhism endorses a strong sense of community — not just among the sangha, the monastic fellowship that is one of the "three jewels" for which devout Buddhists give thanks daily, but also between all sentient beings everywhere on earth, for which devout Buddhists are taught to cultivate compassion. The man now known as the Buddha was a Nepali prince, Siddhartha Gautama, and like Christ he was a born leader. As Christ would do some 500 years later, Siddhartha entered solitude as the means to an end. (Hermann Hesse, the loner novelist, wrote a book based on this.) Long meditation under the famous Bo Tree brought the prince satori, enlightenment, much of which involved discerning the tragic but inevitable link between desire and pain.

Neither as socially oppressive as Confucianism nor as freewheelingly mystical as Taoism, Buddhism rests between the two. Aspects of the practice appeal to loners: the inward sojourn of meditation, the bright one-off flash of satori. From deep observation flows acceptance and, from this, serenity: the mindfulness by which each moment, as the Vietnamese Buddhist master Thich Nhat Hanh likes to say, is a precious moment.

Loners do some of this anyway. Spending a lot of time alone is like an accidental meditation. A casual mindfulness. We do not have to work at this, at observation or serenity. Any loner is halfway to Buddhism without knowing it. So it should not surprise loners that Buddhist hermits have produced some of Asia's most immortal poetry.

One of these hermits was Han Shan, an 8th-century Chinese monk known in English as Cold Mountain. In his Zhejiang Province hermitage, on a mountain that is also called Cold Mountain, Han Shan wrote bold loner-friendly verses studded with such imprecations as "trust your own true nature ... do it fast as an order."

"Since I escaped to Cold Mountain," he confides in one poem, "I've lived on mountain fruit/What worries does life hold?"

---

Anneli's site.

[Polly]

Thanks, Sily.  Your timing is impeccable.  Anneli knows the way it is with loners and has described it well. 

[Richard]

Thanks Sily, I liked the intro to Party of One and I agree with it. I’ve added that book to my reading list.